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From an amoeba splitting in two to a flower making a seed — the many ways life makes more life, and why variation matters.
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Reproduction keeps a species going. At its heart is the copying of DNA, which passes traits on. Small errors in copying create variations — the raw material of survival and evolution.
Asexual — one parent, identical offspring (fast, no variation). Sexual — two parents, gametes fuse, lots of variation.
A single parent, many methods. Pick one to see how it works and a classic example:
Binary fission
Amoeba, bacteria
The parent splits into two equal daughter cells.
The flower is the reproductive organ. Pollination moves pollen from anther to stigma; then fertilisation fuses the gametes into a zygote. The ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. Explore the parts:
Stamen (male)
Anther + filament
The anther produces pollen grains (male gametes).
Sperm form in the testes, eggs in the ovaries. At puberty, reproductive organs mature and secondary sexual characters appear. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube; the zygote develops in the uterus, nourished through the placenta.
Reproductive health means a healthy body and informed choices. Contraception methods include barrier (condom), hormonal (pills), devices (Cu-T/IUD) and surgical methods. Barrier methods like condoms also help prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Check yourself
Modelled on CBSE's competency-based pattern — MCQ, assertion–reason and case-study items, the kind that now make up about half your board paper.
Interactive explainers inspired by OpenMAIC (THU-MAIC, MIT-licensed). Content from NCERT Class 10 Science.
Buffyyour study buddyBuffy is an AI helper and can be wrong — always check your NCERT textbook.